Indonesia

Indonesia is a vast archipelago located in Southeast Asia and Oceania, straddling the equator between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Composed of over 17,000 islands—including major ones like Java, Sumatra, Borneo (Kalimantan), Sulawesi, and New Guinea (Papua)—Indonesia sits at the crossroads of two major biogeographical regions: Asia and Australasia.

This unique position, combined with the country's tropical climate and island geography, makes Indonesia one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, ranked among the top globally for the number of mammal, bird, reptile, and marine species. It is especially rich in endemic species, including the Sumatran tiger, orangutan, Komodo dragon, and Birds of Paradise. Ecosystems range from tropical rainforests, mangroves, and coral reefs to volcanic mountains and peat swamps.

Indonesia’s biodiversity is protected through numerous national parks, marine reserves, and UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as Komodo National Park, Lorentz National Park, and Ujung Kulon. However, it also faces significant threats from deforestation, habitat loss, and climate change. Even so, Indonesia plays a critical role in global biodiversity conservation due to its size, species richness, and ecological significance